@incollection {liss1997, title = {Report Group 1 - Physical processes in the microlayer and the air-sea exchange of trace gases}, year = {1997}, pages = {1--33}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511525025.002}, author = {Peter S. Liss and A. J. Watson and E. J. Bock and Bernd J{\"a}hne and William E. Asher and Nelson M. Frew and L. Hasse and Gerald M. Korenowski and L. Merlivat and L. F. Phillips and P. Schl{\"u}ssel and D. K. Woolf}, editor = {Peter S. Liss and Robert A. Duce} } @article {broecker1986, title = {Isotopic versus micrometeorologic ocean CO$_2$ fluxes: A serious conflict}, journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, volume = {91}, number = {C9}, year = {1986}, pages = {10517--10528}, abstract = {Eddy correlation measurements over the ocean give CO2 fluxes an order of magnitude or more larger than expected from mass balance measurements using radiocarbon and radon 222. In particular, Smith and Jones (1985) reported large upward and downward fluxes in a surf zone at supersaturations of 15\% and attributed them to the equilibration of bubbles at elevated pressures. They argue that even on the open ocean such bubble injection may create steady state CO2 supersaturations and that inferences of fluxes based on air-sea pCO2 differences and radon exchange velocities must be made with caution. We defend the global average CO2 exchange rate determined by three independent radioisotopic means: prebomb radiocarbon inventories; global surveys of mixed layer radon deficits; and oceanic uptake of bomb-produced radiocarbon. We argue that laboratory and lake data do not lead one to expect fluxes as large as reported from the eddy correlation technique; that the radon method of determining exchange velocities is indeed useful for estimating CO2 fluxes; that supersaturations of CO2 due to bubble injection on the open ocean are negligible; that the hypothesis that Smith and Jones advance cannot account for the fluxes that they report; and that the pC02 values reported by Smith and Jones are likely to be systematically much too high. The CO2 fluxes for the ocean measured to date by the micrometeorological method can be reconciled with neither the observed concentrations of radioisotopes of radon and carbon in the oceans nor the tracer experiments carried out in lakes and in wind/wave tunnels.}, doi = {10.1029/JC091iC09p10517}, author = {Broecker, W. S. and Ledwell, J. R. and Takahashi, T. and R. Weiss and L. Merlivat and L. Memery and Bernd J{\"a}hne and K. O. M{\"u}nnich} } @article {jaehne1985, title = {He and Rn gas exchange experiments in the large wind-wave facility of IMST}, journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, volume = {90}, year = {1985}, pages = {11,989--11,998}, abstract = {In a collaboration between the Laboratoire de G{\'e}ochimie Isotopique (Centre d{\textquoteright}Etudes Nucl{\'e}aires, Saclay), the Institut de M{\'e}canique Statistique de la Turbulence (IMST, Marseille), and the Institut f{\"u}r Umweltphysik (Heidelberg), for the first time gas exchange experiments have been carried out in the large IMST wind-wave facility. The experiments included simultaneous measurements of Rn and He gas exchange rates, wave slope measurements at four fetches, and bubble measurements. Compared with transfer velocities measured previously in smaller tunnels, our results are considerably lower. This effect can be explained qualitatively by differences in the wave field, which must be taken into account as an important parameter for gas exchange. Wave breaking, starting at 12 m/s wind, was not intense. Consequently, only low bubble densities are obtained, not significantly enhancing gas exchange.}, doi = {10.1029/JC090iC06p11989}, author = {Bernd J{\"a}hne and Thomas Wais and L. Memery and G. Caulliez and L. Merlivat and K. O. M{\"u}nnich and M. Coantic} }