<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christopher J. Zappa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William E. Asher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jessup, A. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Klinke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. R. Long</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microbreaking and the enhancement of air-water transfer velocity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Geophys. Res.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C08S16</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of microscale wave breaking in controlling the air-water transfer of heat and gas is investigated in a laboratory wind-wave tank. The local heat transfer velocity, k_H , is measured using an active infrared technique and the tank-averaged gas transfer velocity, k_G , is measured using conservative mass balances. Simultaneous, colocated infrared and wave slope imagery show that wave-related areas of thermal boundary layer disruption and renewal are the turbulent wakes of microscale breaking waves, or microbreakers. The fractional area coverage of microbreakers, A _B , is found to be 0.1-0.4 in the wind speed range 4.2-9.3 m s-1 for cleaned and surfactant-influenced surfaces, and k_H and k_G are correlated with A _B . The correlation of k_H with A_B is independent of fetch and the presence of surfactants, while that for k_G with A_B depends on surfactants. Additionally, A_B is correlated with the mean square wave slope, &lt;S 2&gt;, which has shown promise as a correlate for k_G in previous studies. The ratio of k_H measured inside and outside the microbreaker wakes is 3.4, demonstrating that at these wind speeds, up to 75% of the transfer is the direct result of microbreaking. These results provide quantitative evidence that microbreaking is the dominant mechanism contributing to air-water heat and gas transfer at low to moderate wind speeds.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>